Dysphemism as Main Tool of "Hate Speech

Abstract

The union of Euphemisms, Orthophemisms, and dysphemisms is called X-Phemisms (Allan, Burridge 1988. Euphemism, dysphemism, and cross-varietal synonymy:10). Use of X-Phemisms is a common linguistic phenomenon almost in all languages. They are used in everyday conversation, as well as in media discourse. Using X-Phemisms, you can express your thoughts formally, usually politely and informally. In communication, people are often in a situation where they need help to express what they want to say. In these cases, people use Euphemisms. In order to usually or formally express their idea, they use orthopedists to express a direct and offensive idea – dysphemism. All of them are used in media discourse. Their selection depends on various factors, such as place, time, and goal of conversation, the participants of the conversation, and the conversation topic. In other words, the conversation participants may use direct, indirect, or common expressions in their everyday speech. Euphemism is substituting rude, negative, and offensive words and expressions with soft and more positive ones. Dysphemism, which is the opposite term, on the contrary, is the substitution of a positive or neutral word with a harmful, unpleasant, or offensive word. Dysphemisms are opposites of euphemisms, give negative meaning (high quality) to a detonate, and are oriented toward making a negative impact. Dysphemism is an expression with an offensive connotation. It is used to condemn a particular fact or an event. Dysphemism violates polite rules (Allan, Burridge 2006. Forbidden Words: Taboo and the Censoring of Language: 11). Dysphemisms are used for the degradation and humiliation of a person. When a speaker uses this method, he/she uses directly expressed forms, which are addressed to a specific group or a listener. Dysphemisms are often used in literary texts, political speeches, and everyday speech. Our report aims to identify the peculiarities of the use of dysphemism's in the discourse of modern media and to analyze their semantic, structural, and pragmatic peculiarities. The research aims to discuss the theoretical problems of studying euphemisms and dysphemisms in modern studies. Accordingly, the research question arises in which field of media discourse are euphemisms and dysphemisms most used. The paper uses methods of analogy and typological research, as well as semantic-pragmatic analysis. In recent years mass media is developing, and media representatives make an impression on the listeners with individual methods. Great importance is given to the author's method of making an impression on the reader. One such form is the use of euphemisms and dysphemism in the press discourse. The listener has a positive or negative attitude toward a particular event, object, or action. In the political sphere, we often meet such moments when a particular person tries to disguise reality with a euphemism and aims to express a negative attitude by using dysphemism to reveal the actions of other persons or to reproach the actions of government representatives and politicians. In the newspaper text, the political impact is exercised with the tactics and strategy of the words used. Dysphemism is often used to blame. Dysphemisms are used in the press by politicians to humiliate somebody. In a political text, the discreditation of governmental authority with accusation and mockery is intended to offend and humiliate. Humiliation is often performed with the help of invective; on the other hand, humiliation may not be just a rude word but also a non-standard vocabulary, and herewith a more significant effect is achieved. Humiliation may be direct, that is, maybe addressed directly to the object or indirect – through evaluation of the object. Thus, dysphemisms and euphemisms are those linguistic tactic means, with the help of which desirable pragmatic effect may be achieved in the mass media. In a political text, discreditation, performed using the tactics of humiliation, accusations, and mockery, on the one hand, is directed to the humiliation and abuse of a person, and on the other hand, to exposure and mockery of the authorities. All that may be realized with dysphemisms as well as with euphemisms. Dysphemism and euphemism are used with negative and neutral meanings, i.e., in a particular context, they acquire negative evaluation. They are used for mockery, i.e., they have ironic characters. In the dysphemization process, various feelings and emotions are included. Dysphemism's are used in our everyday life, in all spheres. Their purpose is to strengthen the impact of the speaker on the listener. With the help of dysphemism's people express their negative emotions. They are addressed to aggravate the situation and humiliation the addressee. One of the significant functions of dysphemisms is discreditation, which is usually characteristic of political discourse. The speaker uses dysphemism's to generally irritate and offend people in conversation. The speaker wants to humiliate and abuse a listener. Any humiliating comment addressed to others to humiliate or harm the listener is dysphemistic. Dysphemism's have the ability to cause disagreement. Dysphemism describes the hierarchy of social relations in society, and at present, the struggle against political correctness is considered the most taboo. It mainly concerns the category of dysphemism's denoting the sphere of national belonging, which clearly shows the acuteness of feeling of national identity in the modern multicultural world. Reckless expressions towards any nation may cause serious results: in some developed countries, a fine may be imposed for such public expressions. In each case, its use's pragmatics are different, for it is subject to the speaker's intention and concrete and contextual discourse situation. Notwithstanding, there always exists a cause for the speaker to use a dysphemism. Very often, acute emotion is the reason for it. Classification of dysphemisms comprises all aspects of public life, such as political, religious, ethnic, gender, sexual, racist, criminalist, economic, social, and cultural. Dysphemism's found in people with psychic and physical defects, which reveals that society does not support them. Deliberate use of dysphemism's results in violation of norms for tabooed denotations. In all cases, that leads us to the connotative meaning of the word is the annoyance of the speakers, which causes the use of these expressions, but nevertheless, it is not advisable to use them in the communicative situation, which contradicts to filling of the vocabulary and the tone of statements. In the modern linguistic community, the main motive of the society is not a social prohibition of the use of euphemisms and dysphemism but a prohibition of tabooed vocabulary units in the particular communicative-pragmatic situation. Accordingly, the most relevant parameters are the goal of communication, role, and personal relations between the communicants (attitude), who, through using euphemisms and dysphemism's, regulate their own communicative interests.