Artificial Intelligence and the Security Dilemma

Abstract

In the contemporary era, the rapid advancement of digital technologies has profoundly transformed almost every sphere of human activity. Among these innovations, Artificial Intelligence (AI) stands out as one of the most powerful and disruptive forces, reshaping social, economic, political, and security landscapes. Its growing adoption across multiple sectors has generated both unprecedented opportunities and significant challenges to global security. The application of AI in international politics presents a dual reality: on the one hand, it strengthens national defence systems, enhances cybersecurity, and increases efficiency in conflict management and warfare. On the other hand, its uncontrolled dissemination and misuse by non-state actors may escalate global instability and create new transnational threats. Modern warfare strategies are rapidly evolving, undermining traditional practices such as formal declarations of war, thereby eroding the legitimacy of the existing international security architecture. Our research aims to present and analyse the concept of the “security dilemma” associated with AI, exploring its impact within the framework of contemporary political science and interdisciplinary studies. To this end, desk research and analytical methods were employed, focusing on two central research questions: What is the impact of Artificial Intelligence in the context of security? How can AI be utilised to manage international risks and threats? Findings indicate that the persistent efforts of states to enhance AI-driven military capabilities and to keep pace with potential adversaries contribute to the intensification of a new arms race. This dynamic creates a classical security dilemma, whereby attempts to strengthen one’s own security often undermine global stability. Consequently, fragile international institutions and rule-based security systems are becoming increasingly vulnerable. Furthermore, global technological competition involves not only states but also malicious non-state actors who exploit AI for cyberattacks, disinformation campaigns, and transnational threats. Such developments shift the balance of power, necessitating the design of new strategies to maintain global security. It is essential to emphasise that integrating AI into security policies requires a comprehensive understanding and synchronised actions. AI has the potential to serve as both a stabilising tool for peace and a catalyst for conflict escalation. Therefore, revisiting the global security architecture, strengthening international legal frameworks, and adopting pragmatic approaches are crucial. In conclusion, Artificial Intelligence is no longer merely a technological innovation; it has become a transformative force in international politics and security systems. Its influence on the global order will only intensify, demanding collective, rational, and responsible actions from both states and the international community as a whole.